Black Sailors in the Civil War: A History of Fugitives, Freemen and Freedmen Aboard Union Vessels (James H. Bruns-BH) gwinn his Civil War service was

his Civil War service was remarkable: artilleryman

disposition of POWs

000 Confederate troops east of the Mississippi River

But cooler heads in the Confederacy recognized the demographic and industrial weight pitted against them

Black Sailors in the Civil War: A History of Fugitives, Freemen and Freedmen Aboard Union Vessels (James H. Bruns-BH) gwinn his Civil War service wasby James H. Bruns Thousands of Black sailors served with valor during the Civil War. Yet few histories have highlighted their contributions to the Union's impressive naval victories throughout the war, which prompted Lincoln's Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, to declare that if the army could not win the war, the navy would have to. Drawing on official naval records, personal letters and journals, and oral histories of formerly enslaved